The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) emerged after overthrowing Mongol rule, reestablishing Han Chinese governance and a period of great stability and cultural prosperity. Its most iconic achievement is the extensive rebuilding of the Great Wall, much of what stands today. The capital was moved to Beijing, where the magnificent Forbidden City was constructed as the imperial palace. Maritime exploration flourished under Admiral Zheng He, whose vast treasure fleets ventured as far as Africa. Ming culture excelled in exquisite blue-and-white porcelain, classical literature, and landscape painting. However, internal corruption, economic strain, and peasant rebellions eventually weakened the dynasty. It was toppled by Manchu invaders, who established the Qing Dynasty. The Ming era is remembered for its artistic refinement, architectural grandeur, and assertive nationalism that shaped China's identity for centuries.
